Although the Copyright Act does not provide an explicit definition of infringement, it is understood that unauthorized usage of the copyrighted material is inconsistent with the exclusive enumerated rights. It explains in general terms the principles of copyright law and practice and describes the different types of rights that copyright and related rights pro-tect, as well as the limitations and exceptions. Optical internetworks are data networks composed of routers and data switches interconnected by optical networking elements. With the goal of promoting worldwide compatibility of optical internetworking products, the OIF actively supports and extends the work of national and international standards. This article analyzes the proper scope of copyright protection for independent de? velopment of compatible computer programs. It begins with a survey of the benefits of compatibility, citing several prominent examples from hardware with imbedded code, communications products, and operating systems. Copyright infringement (at times referred to as piracy) is the use of works protected by copyright without permission for usage where such permission is required, thereby infringing certain exclusive rights granted to the copyright holder, such as the right to reproduce, distribute, display or. (a) Anyone who violates any of the exclusive rights of the copyright owner as provided by sections 106 through 122 or of the author as provided in section 106A (a), or who imports copies or phonorecords into the United States in violation of section 602, is an infringer of the copyright or right of. EU copyright law consists of 13 directives and 2 regulations, harmonising the essential rights of authors, performers, producers and broadcasters.